CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS 

1.- LINGUISTICS.

Each human language is a complex of knowledge and abilities enabling speakers of the language to communicate with each other, to express ideas, hypotheses, emotions, desires, and all the other things that need expressing. Linguistics is the study of these knowledge systems in all their aspects: how is such a knowledge system structured, how is it acquired, how is it used in the production and comprehension of messages, how does it change over time? Linguists consequently are concerned with a number of particular questions about the nature of language

2. - SEMIOTICS.

The study of signs and symbols as elements of communicative behavior; the analysis of systems of communication, as language, gestures, or clothing.

3.- Campos en que se divide la Lingüística./Branches of Linguistics

1. General linguistic generally describes the concepts and categories of a particular language or among all language. It also provides analyzed theory of the language.

Descriptive linguistic describes or gives the data to confirm or refute the theory of particular language explained generally.

2. Micro linguistic is narrower view. It is concerned internal view of language itself (structure of language systems) without related to other sciences and without related how to apply it in daily life. Some fields of micro linguistic:

a. Phonetics, the study of the physical properties of sounds of human language

b. Phonology, the study of sounds as discrete, abstract elements in the speaker's mind that distinguish meaning

c. Morphology, the study of internal structures of words and how they can be modified

d. Syntax, the study of how words combine to form grammatical sentences

e. Semantics, the study of the meaning of words (lexical semantics) and fixed word combinations (phraseology), and how these combine to form the meanings of sentences

f. Pragmatics, the study of how utterances are used (literally, figuratively, or otherwise) in communicative acts

g. Discourse analysis, the analysis of language use in texts (spoken, written, or signed)

h. Applied linguistic is the branch of linguistic that is most concerned with application of the concepts in everyday life, including language-teaching.

3. Macro linguistic is broadest view of language. It is concerned external view of language itself with related to other sciences and how to apply it in daily life. Some fields of micro linguistic:

a. Stylistics, the study of linguistic factors that place a discourse in context.

b. Developmental linguistics, the study of the development of linguistic ability in an individual, particularly the acquisition of language in childhood.

c. Historical linguistics or Diachronic linguistics, the study of language change.

d. Language geography, the study of the spatial patterns of languages.

e. Evolutionary linguistics, the study of the origin and subsequent development of language.

f. Psycholinguistics, the study of the cognitive processes and representations underlying language use.

g. Sociolinguistics, the study of social patterns and norms of linguistic variability.

h. Clinical linguistics, the application of linguistic theory to the area of Speech-Language Pathology.

i. Neurolinguistics, the study of the brain networks that underlie grammar and communication.

j. Biolinguistics, the study of natural as well as human-taught communication systems in animals compared to human language

4.- Auxiliary Sciences of Linguistics

Auxiliary Sciences of Linguistics: Numerous of the auxiliary sciences of linguistics. These include: 

Philosophy: philosophy of language is concerned with four central problems: the nature of meaning, language use, language cognition, and the relationship between language and reality. For continental philosophers, however, the philosophy of language tends to be dealt with, not as a separate topic, but as a part of logic.

Physics and Biology: The linguistic philosophy relates especially in the study of the nature of the sounds (Physical Acoustics). For similar reasons related to biology.

Geography: One of the most important auxiliary sciences of linguistics, because all tongues were born and evolved in certain geographical contexts.
Psychology: This is another of the auxiliary sciences of linguistics, as individuals, before talking with others to communicate their feelings, ideas, experiences, etc.., Think, "talk to himself". Human beings make use of linguistic signs as a material resource to communicate with others, if possible direct transmission of thought from one person to another, Linguistics would cease.

Anthropology and Sociology: Also important auxiliary sciences Linguistics. The first examines   the   man   and   his culture, the   second   man as   a   member of a group.

5.- Linguists.

-Noam Chomsky: American linguist, founder of generative grammar, the dominant paradigm in modern linguistics in the second half of the twentieth century. Language elements are use (specific spatiotemporal occurrences), but sentences (underlying abstract constructions uses), giving a mentalist concept of language. The grammar rules interpreted as generative system capable of producing a language.

Ferdinand de Saussure: (Geneva, Switzerland, November 26, 1857 - Ibid, February 22, 1913) was a Swiss linguist whose ideas helped to start and further development of the study of modern linguistics in the twentieth century. It is known as the father of twentieth-century linguistics. He also initiated the Geneva School, a group of linguists who continued his work. Despite this, many linguists and philosophers believe that their ideas were out of time.

Bloomfield: is inspired by mechanistic and behaviourist philosophy of language, performs an extensional definition, as a set of uses (concrete, individual act of speech), appearing as defined in terms of properties of the observable behavior of people.

6.- LANGUAGE.

Language: is a structured communication system for which there is a context of use and some formal combinatorial principles. There are both natural and artificialcontexts. The Human beings uses language that expresses complex sound sequences and graphic signs. The animals, in turn, communicate through sound signals and body, which man has not yet been deciphered, which in many casesare far from simple.

7. - THOUGHT.

Thought: is a psychological phenomenon rational, objective thinking and derived external to the solution of problems.

8. - THOUGHTS BASED IN LANGUAGE.

Thoughts based in languages: is that in which we think about meaning and visually associate the written word that represents it.

9. - THOUGHT NOT BASED IN LANGUAGE.

Thoughts not based in languages: is that in which we think about meaning and visually associate with the image.

10.- EVOLUTION.

 Is the branch of biology that refers to all changes that have led to the diversity of living         things       on      Earth,       from       its       origins         to         the         present.